Learning C by Example. Last Updated April 3. Heres 1. 4 years worth of jumbled C recipes and notes arranged randomly in a stream of consciousness mode. Some methods are superseded by functionality beyond C 1. One day Ill organize them into a coherent whole, until them please use search in your browser. The other pages in this C series are much better formatted and more informative. Images/28624_pic1.gif' alt='C# Program Structure' title='C# Program Structure' />2 Introduction Although there are more than 50 different programming languages supported by the. NET Framework, C continues to be one of the most popular and modern. C programs can consist of one or more files. Each file can contain zero or more namespaces. A namespace can contain types such as classes, structs, interfaces. What are Design Patterns Sitting at your desk in front of your workstation, you stare into space. I was looking for a tree or graph data structure in C but I guess there isnt one provided. An Extensive Examination of Data Structures Using C 2. Using C from native C with the help of CCLI fixed and enhanced. Provide collection Swing controls. Commercial. Application Development Fundamentals. Overview of Programming Concepts Understanding the Structure of a C Program Understanding Data Types Working with Variables. ELR00590_NoRestriction-5.jpg' alt='C# Program Structure' title='C# Program Structure' />Hello World The obligatory example for any language. Hello. World. public static void Mainstring args. Console. WriteHello World. Raw CSharp compiler. You can compile c using the command line version. You can get Nant, a build tool like the old make, from http sourceforge. Identifiers. Identifiers are the names we give to things like classes, variables, and methods. In C identifiers must start with an underscore or letter and be composed of letters, numbers and underscores. By convention local variables, arguments passed into methods, and private fields are camel. Case. Other identifiers are Pascal. Case. Reserved keywords like public, static cannot be used for identifiers unless you preface the variable name with, e. Keywords. Heres a list of reserved keywords in C. Heres a list of contextual keywords. Identifiers can be named these words and the compiler can tell if the word is an identifier or a keyword by its context. A brief word on Types. A Type has data members and function members, like int which contains a value and has methods like To. String. All values in C are instances of a type. C provides built in, or predefined, types directly in the language which the compiler understands and sets aside key words for them. Capoeira Fighter 3 Super Survival Tournament more. The value types are sbyte, short, int, long, byte, ushort, uint, ulong, float, double, decimal, bool and char. Random note Use decimal for money. The predefined reference types are string, object. These types are aliased into types in the System namespace, like int being an alias for System. Int. 32. C also provides built in types in the System namespace like Date. Time, although the compiler has no direct knowledge of them. Each object has a pointer to its type. The Get. Type method will return, at runtime, the Type object describing the object. The typeof operator will do the same but usually at compile time. All C types are in one of the following categories Value types mostly built in types like int, double and custom struct and enum which have no methods just a value, although with auto boxing and implied methods it looks they do. This are stored on the stack. Default values. Variables not assigned a value are given default values all reference types are set to null, numeric and enums are set to zero, char is set to 0, and bool is set to false. If you need to get the default value, you can use the default keyword. You can even use it on generics defaultCacherlt string. Console. Write. Linea 0. Reference types any class, arrays, delegates anything which is a pointer to a block of memory, these are stored on the heap. Generic type parameters. Pointer types You create your own Types with classes. Constructors. Example of Constructors, static Constructor and Destructor. Test. 2 if a constructor is static it is called. Console. Out. Write. Lineinside static construtor Test. Console. Out. Write. Lineinside regular construtor. Test. 2 destructor hopefully called for each object. Console. Out. Write. Lineinside destructor. Mainstring args. Console. Out. Write. LineTest. Test. Test. 2. inside static construtor. Call a parents constructor. To call the parents constructor. Groupstring xmlstring base xmlstring. If a class does not explicitly call its parents constructor with base, the classs parents parameterless constructor is called by default if the parent has a parameterless constructor. Calling one constructor from another. Element argument, converts it to a string. Survey. StatusXml. Element xml. Element thisTo. To. Textxml. Element. Survey. Statusstring xmltext. Static Constructors. This constructor is only called once before the first object of this type is called. Is it guarenteed to be called if no objects of its kind are never created It can only reference static objects of course and it has no parameters. SDObject. Respondent SDObject. Database. Proxy database. Proxy null. public SDObject. Respondent. public SDObject. Respondentstring xmlstring basexmlstring. SDObject. Respondent. Proxy new Database. ProxyUtil. Get. Required. PropertyRespondent. Database. Virtual and Non Virtual Functions. Here we see a non virtual method. The object in. namespace Test. Plane public double Top. Speed return 3. D. Jet Plane public double Top. Speed return 9. D. Airport. Mainstring args. Plane plane new Jet. Console. Write. Lineplanes top speed 0,plane. Top. Speed 3. Console. Read. Line. The above code, oddly enough will print 3. Top. Speed is not virtual. To fix the problem we need to declare the method virtual andthat the subclass overrides the method. If we dont set Jets method to override, we still get 3. Plane public virtual double Top. Speed return 3. D. Jet Plane public override double Top. Speed return 9. D. Airport. Mainstring args. Plane plane new Jet. Console. Write. Lineplanes top speed 0,plane. Top. Speed 9. Console. Read. Line. Hidden Inherited Members. In a subclass you can reuse a variable name, but the compiler will warn you that the subclassed member is hiding the parents variable. Elephant public int Weight 1. Asian. Elephant Elephant public int Weight 1. Console. Write. Linenew Asian. Elephant. Weight 1. If a new variable is really want you want, tell the compiler to stop whining about it by using the new modifier not to be confused with the new operator. Asian. Elephant Elephant public new int Weight 1. Read an entire file into a string. Playing. Around. Read. All. public static void Mainstring args. System. IO. File. Read. All. TextC t. Console. Out. Write. Linecontents contents. Read all the lines from a file into an array. Playing. Around. Read. All. public static void Mainstring args. System. IO. File. Read. All. LinesC t. Console. Out. Write. Linecontents lines. Length. Console. In. Read. Line. Read a file line by line with no error checking. Useful if the file may be really large. Stream. Reader sr new Stream. Readerfile. Name. Read. Line null. Console. Write. Linexml template line. Close should be in a finally or using block. Read a string from the console. Main. Console. WritePlease enter your favorite animal. Console. Read. Line. Console. Write. LineGood choice animal. How to write text to a file. Write. All. Text will create the file if it doesnt exist, otherwise overwrites it. It will also close the file. Playing. Around. Read. All. public static void Mainstring args. Text Line. 1 Environment. New. Line Line. Environment. New. Line. System. IO. File. Write. All. TextC t. 2, my. Text. Access files with usingusing does an implicit call to Dispose when the using block is complete. With files this will close the file. The following code shows that using does indeed close the file, otherwise 5. System. IO. private static void Main. Text. Writer w File. Visual C Kicks Free CSharp. NET Programming Source Code and Tutorials. All articles and source code are under the Visual C Kicks license agreement. Aspect Ratio Form. Create C Windows Form that keeps its aspect ratio as it is being resized without any flickering. Vista Style Task Dialog. Integrate the visually appealing Task. Dialog Vista control into your C applications, which works even on old versions of Windows. Splash Screens. Add a splash screen to C applications based on any kind of image, shadows and transparency fully supported. Angle and Altitude User Controls. Two clean user controls written in C to mimic the Photoshop angle and altitude selectors. Win. Form Resize Animation. Applying concepts of Win. Form animation to create a smooth resizing animation effect. Numbers Only Textbox. Different ways to allow users to only write numbers in a Windows Form Textbox. Aero Shake Form. Implement the new Window 7 Aero Shake feature in C Windows Forms with simple. NET code. Click and Drag Form. By using various Form events and some adding and subtracting, one can create the same effect of a windows titlebar. Custom Control Properties. Enhance your custom user controls by customizing the way the designer displays the custom properties of the control. Dynamic Controls. Work with dynamic controls in C, including setting properties and attaching events. Clipboard Event Textbox. Create a textbox user control that has a cut, copy, and paste event. Fading Windows Form. Create a Windows Form that fades in when the mouse hovers over it and fades out when the cursor leaves its bounds. Custom Shape Form Transperancy. Create Windows Forms that adapt to the shape of an imagine using a simple Form property. Custom shaped forms can be used to things such as creative splash screens. Virtual Forms. How to use the Tab. Control. NET control to create virtual Forms inside Win. Forms. Custom Shape Form Region. Create custom shaped forms but with the use of Regions. Regions allows for finer tuned behavior and can yield more stable results. Animated Windows Forms. Bring your C applications to life with smooth consistent animations. Windows 7 Style Form. Create a Windows Form in C that docks and snaps to the screen edges like in the upcoming Windows 7. Bind Window to Screen. Constrain a Windows Form to the bounds of the screen. Useful for preventing users from dragging a window outside of the bounded area. Emoticons For Yahoo Email on this page. Align User Interface Programmatically. Align the controls in your Windows Form programmatically instead of relying on design time to keep a clean user interface. Drop Down Dialog. Create an advanced dialog in C to mimic the behavior of a drop down list. Useful for user controls such as color pickers. Prevent Form Close. Learn how to prevent the user from closing a Windows Form. Cross Thread Operations. Properly and elegantly make cross thread operations using delegates. Capture Control Graphics. Capture the graphics of a visible. NET control to a bitmap using GDI. Passing Data Between Forms. How to pass data between Windows Forms in C using parameters and properties of. NET classes. Launch EXE from Memory. Basics on how to launch a. NET application from memory using Reflection. Password Textbox. The two simplest ways to implement a C Password Textbox. Image Button. Add a great looking C image button to your. NET applications. Single Instance Applications. Write C applications that support single instance run time behavior. Prevent users from running your program more than once at the same time. Capture Screen download nowUse some more advanced C programming to capture the screen without the use of the Prnt Scrn key. Drag and Drop download nowThe drag and drop functionality in C programs is not as simple as it should be. Download this quick example to get a full working piece of source code to work from. Screen Locker download nowIn the internet you will find some fancy and expensive programs that can lock down your computer when you are away. In this project we will explore some fun brute force techniques to create our very own screen locker application in C. Pick Random Elements Based on Probability Pick a random element in a C list based on the probability of each element. Rounding Doubles. An explanation of how to round doubles in C as well as the advantages of one method over another. Decimal To Fraction. A C algorithm for approximating the fraction representation of decimal numbers. Greatest Common Denominator. Efficiently find the Greatest Common Denominator GCD of two numbers in C by using the Euclidean Algorithm. Quadratic Formula Solver. NET implementation of the quadratic formula to solve quadratic equations. Algorithms for working with double and float types. Simplify Square Roots. Use a C algorithm to simplify complicated square roots into their simplest, most accurate, terms. Calculate Slope of Line. Calculate the slope of a line defined by two points with simple C operations. Boolean Matrix. A C implementation of a boolean matrix, complete with basic matrix operations and transformations. Calculate Distance Formula. Calculate the distance between two points using a C function to process the distance formula. Compute Hash. Compute the hash code of data in C using. NET Framework classes. Symmetric Encryption. A description of symmetric encryption in C to protect sensitive data. Overview of different symmetric encryption algorithms. True Random Numbers. Enhance your C applications by giving them to ability to generate truly random numbers as opposed to pseudo random ones. Secure. String. Using the Secure. String. NET class to manage sensitive data in C applications. Random String Generator. Write a flexible C random string generator without complex algorithms. Useful for things such as random password generators. Xor Encryption. Explore a simple way to encrypt string using the xor operator. Self Hashing Application. Find out how to create a C application that can calculate its own hash value. Encryption Class download nowUse this class of static methods to quickly encrypt and decrypt strings or directly a byte array. Encryption and decryption works based on a password. Drawing Regular Polygons. How to draw regular polygons in C by calculating vertex coordinates and using GDI Display GIF Animations. Witness two simple methods to display animated images using only C functions, accomplishing the task automatically or manually by accessing the animation frames. Lynda Foundations Of Audio Compression And Dynamic Processing. Fast Image Processing. How to work with images in. NET using unsafe C code. Massively increases the speed of image processing algorithms. Four Point Image Distortion. Distort a bitmap into any quadrilateral shape simply by specfiying the distinct locations of each of the corner points. All done in pure C code. Box Blur. Implementing a box blur effect in C via image convolution. Improved 3. D Drawing with GDI Plus. Witness an improved 3. D graphics GDI Plus application. Built upon the original Euler 3. D Rotation article, learn how to get around the Gimbal Lock problem and learn how to shade in 3. D shapes in C. Get Image Hash Code. Simple approach to get the hash code of an image in C. Image Invert. Invert an image colors in. NET with three different methods. Read the advatanges of each method. Basic 3. D Drawing with GDI Plus. Draw a basic 3. D cube using only GDI Plus without the need for Direct. X. Icon Extractor. Use C and some API calls to easily extract an application icon and use it within your own program. Convert Color and uint.