Racism Global Issues. Author and Page informationby Anup Shah. This Page Last Updated Sunday, August 0. This page http www. To print all information e. Image Understanding Race. Racism is the belief that characteristics and abilities can be attributed to people simply on the basis of their race and that some racial groups are superior to others. Antiracism includes beliefs, actions, movements, and policies adopted or developed to oppose racism. According to the Antiracism Digital Library Antiracism can be. This part of the globalissues. Wallace And Gromit Project Zoo Pc on this page. In some places around the world, racial hatred is increasing. Many modern conflicts also. Racism and discrimination have been used as powerful weapons encouraging fear or hatred of others in times of conflict and war, and even during economic downturns. In a short introductory video the Understanding Race project from the American Anthropological Association says race is a powerful idea and an enduring concept, invented by society. It has also fostered inequality and discrimination for centuries, as well as influencing how we relate to other human beings Race Are We So Different, Understanding Race, American Anthropological Association AAA, July 8, 2. On this page Racism in Europe. Racism in Australia. Racism in Africa. Racism in the Middle East. Racism in Asia. Racism in North America. The Lure of Adolph Hitler and neo Nazism. Racism against Gypsies. Immigration. The Internet and Racism. Globalization and Racism. UNs World Conference on Racism, 2. Volume edition winter arches quarterly 1 VOLUME 4 EDITION 7 WINTER 2010 ISSN 17567335 ISLAMOPHOBIA AND ANTIMUSLIM HATRED CAUSES. Racism is the belief in the superiority of one race over another, which often results in discrimination and prejudice towards people based on their race or ethnicity. Racism in Europe. Europe has a regional human rights architecture which is unrivaled elsewhere in the world, Amnesty International notes in their 2. Europe and Central Asia region. But the human rights watchdog also adds that as well as guarding a proud reputation as a beacon of human rights, it is sadly still the case, however, that the reality of protection from human rights abuses for many of those within its borders falls short of the rhetoric. In recent years, one of those forms of abuses has been in the area of race, often growing with changing economic circumstances and increased immigration to the region. From the institutionalized racism especially in colonial times, when racial beliefs even eugenics were not considered something wrong, to recent times where the effects of neo Nazism is still felt, Europe is a complex area with many cultures in a relatively small area of land that has seen many conflicts throughout history. The Origins Of Racism Pdf' title='The Origins Of Racism Pdf' />Many of these conflicts have had trade, resources and commercial rivalry at their core, but national identities have often added fuel to some of these conflicts. Racism has also been used to justify exploitation, even using pseudo science Debates over the origins of racism often suffer from a lack of clarity over the term. Many conflate recent forms of racism with earlier forms of ethnic and national conflict. In most cases ethno national conflict seems to owe to conflict over land and strategic resources. In some cases ethnicity and nationalism were harnessed to wars between great religious empires for example, the Muslim Turks and the Catholic Austro Hungarians. As Benedict Anderson has suggested in Imagined Communities, ethnic identity and ethno nationalism became a source of conflict within such empires with the rise of print capitalism. In its modern form, racism evolved in tandem with European exploration and conquest of much of the rest of the world, and especially after Christopher Columbus reached the Americas. As new peoples were encountered, fought, and ultimately subdued, theories about race began to develop, and these helped many to justify the differences in position and treatment of people whom they categorized as belonging to different races see Eric Wolfs Europe and the People Without History. Another possible source of racism is the misunderstanding of Charles Darwins theories of evolution. Some took Darwins theories to imply that since some races were more civilized, there must be a biological basis for the difference. At the same time they appealed to biological theories of moral and intellectual traits to justify racial oppression. There is a great deal of controversy about race and intelligence, in part because the concepts of both race and IQ are themselves controversial. Racism, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, May 1, 2. In the century of total war, and the new millenium, Europe is seeing an alarming resurgence in xenophobia and racial hatred. A short review from the Inter Press Service highlights the rise of neo Nazism in 2. Europe and suggests that far from being a fringe activity, racism, violence and neo nationalism have become normal in some communities. The problems need to tackled much earlier, in schools and with social programmes. Ethnic minorities and different cultures in one country can often be used as a scapegoat for the majority during times of economic crisis. That is one reason why Nazism became so popular. In France, May 2. Le Pen in the run for leadership though he lost out in the end sent a huge shockwave throughout Europe, about how easy it was for far right parties to come close to getting power if there is complacency in the democratic processes and if participation is reduced. In various places throughout Western Europe, in 2. Amnesty International highlights, there has been a rise in racist attacks and sentiments against both Arabs and Jews, in light of the increasing hostilities in the Middle East. Earlier in 1. 99. Germany a right wing racist party won an unprecedented number of votes. In Austria, the Freedom Party was able to secure the majority of the cabinet posts. The party is an extreme far right party, whose leader, Jorg Heider, has been accused of sympathetic statements towards the Nazis. The European Union has reacted to this indicating that Austrias participation may be in jeopardy. This Guardian Special Report has much more in depth coverage. In Italy, there are attempts to try and deal with the rise in undocumented immigrants from Tunisia. The reactions from the right wing have been labeled by some as being openly racist. Into 2. 01. 0 and problems of racism in Italy continue. For example, a wave of violence against African farm workers in southern Italy left some 7. This resulted in police having to evacuate over 3. The workers were easy targets being exploited as fruit pickers living in difficult conditions. They earn starvation wages according to a BBC reporter, doing backbreaking work which Italians do not want in a labor market controlled by the local mafia. Spain has seen increased racial violence. The growing economy invites immigrants from North African countries such as Morocco. However, the poor conditions that immigrants have had to endure and the already racially charged region has led to friction and confrontations. In 1. 99. 7, Human Rights Watch noted that, The U. K. has one of the highest levels of racially motivated violence and harassment in Western Europe, and the problem is getting worse. In April 1. 99. 9, London saw two bombs explode in predominantly ethnic minority areas, in the space of one week, where a Nazi group has claimed responsibility. The summer of 2. 00. England. For over a decade, immigration issues have been headlines in the UK. The nature of the discussions bear a clear racial dimension as well as hostility to Eastern Europeans, such as those from Poland. Anti immigrant rhetoric has also contributed to increasing interest in racist political parties such as the British National Party. This also, predictably, has increased as the global financial crisis impacts more of Britains population. Anti racism Wikipedia. Anti racism includes beliefs, actions, movements, and policies adopted or developed to oppose racism. According to the Anti racism Digital Library1 Anti racism can be defined as some form of focused and sustained action, which includes inter cultural, inter faith, multi lingual and inter abled i. By its nature, anti racism tends to promote the view that racism is both pernicious and pervasive, and that systemic, structural and individual changes in political, economic, and social life are required to dismantle and end it. European originseditThe European discovery of the Americas by Christopher Columbus did not occur until 1. However, two Papal bulls announced several decades before that event were designed to help ward off increasing Muslim invasions into Europe, which they believed would have an effect on the New World. When Islam presented a serious military threat to Italy and Central Europe during the mid 1. Constantinople in 1. Pope Nicholas V tried to unite Christendom against them but failed. He then granted Portugal the right to subdue and even enslave Muslims whether white or any other race, pagans and other non Christians in the papal bull Dum Diversas 1. While this bull preceded the Atlantic slave trade by several decades, slavery and the slave trade were part of African societies and tribes which supplied the Arab world with slaves long before the arrival of the Europeans. Increasingly, the Italian merchants from the wealthiest states in Italy, especially Genoa and Venice joined in the lucrative trade and some members sported exotic lackeys and few domestic or workshop slaves whereas before slavery was forbidden in Christendom and only formerly in Muslim Spain and Sicily and their buffer border marches were seen and legally allowed. Racial views of Superiority started developing and became more acute about these slaves, social views imported from the Court of Granada where they were highly stratified and classified. The following year saw the Fall of Constantinople to Muslim conquerors of the ever growing Turkish Ottoman Empire which left the pope as the undoubted contested leader of Christendom when the Eastern Orthodox Church leadership became under submission. Several decades later, European explorers and missionaries spread Christianity to the Americas, Asia, Africa and Oceania. Pope Alexander VI had awarded colonial rights over most of the newly discovered lands by the Iberian Kingdoms of Castile and Portugal. Under their patronato system, however, Royal authorities, not the Vatican, controlled as in Europe all clerical appointments in the new colonies. Thus, the 1. 45. 5 Papal bull Romanus Pontifex granted the Portuguese all lands behind Cape Bojador allowing to reduce pagans and other enemies of Christ to perpetual servitude. Later, the 1. Papal bull Aeterni regis granted all lands south of the Canary Islands to the Portuguese Empire, while in May 1. Aragonese born Pope Alexander VIdecreed in the Bull Inter caetera that all lands west of a meridian only 1. Cape Verde Islands should belong to the Spanish Empire while new lands discovered east of that line would belong to Portugal. These arrangements were later confirmed in the 1. Treaty of Tordesillas. American originseditThe European origins of racism spread to the Americas alongside the Europeans, but establishment views were questioned when applied to indigenous peoples. After the discovery of the New World many of the clergy sent to the New World, educated in the new Humane values of the Renaissance blooming but still new in Europe and not ratified by the Vatican, began to criticize Spain and their own Churchs treatment and views of indigenous peoples and slaves. In December 1. 51. Antonio de Montesinos, a Dominican friar, was the first man to openly rebuke the Spanish authorities and administrators of Hispaniola for their cruelty and tyranny in dealing with the American natives and those forced to labor as slaves. King Ferdinand enacted the Laws of Burgos and Valladolid in response. However enforcement was lax, and the New Laws of 1. Because some people like Fray Bartolom de las Casas questioned not only the Crown but the Papacy at the Valladolid Controversy whether the Indians were truly men who deserved baptism, Pope Paul III in the papal bull Veritas Ipsa or Sublimis Deus 1. Indians and other races were deserving men, so long as they became baptized. Afterward, their Christian conversion effort gained momentum along social rights, while leaving the same status recognition unanswered for Africans of Black Race, and legal social racism prevailed towards the Indians or Asians. However, by then the last schism of the Reformation had taken place in Europe in those few decades along political lines, and the different views on the Value of human lives of different races were not corrected in the lands of Northern Europe, which would join the Colonial race at the end of the century and over the next, as the Portuguese and Spanish Empires waned. It would take another century, with the influence of the French Empire at its height, and its consequent Enlightenment developed at the highest circles of its Court, to return these previously inconclusive issues to the forefront of the political discourse championed by many intellectual men since Rousseau. These issues gradually permeated to the lower social levels, where they were a reality lived by men and women of different races from the European racial majority. Quaker initiativeseditPrior to the American Revolution, a small group of Quakers including John Woolman and Anthony Benezet successfully persuaded their fellow members of the Religious Society of Friends to free their slaves, divest from the slave trade, and create unified Quaker policies against slavery. This afforded their tiny religious denomination some moral authority to help begin the Abolitionist movement on both sides of the Atlantic. Woolman died of smallpox in England in 1. Atlantic to bring his anti slavery message to the Quakers of the British Isles. During and after the American Revolution, Quaker ministrations and preachings against slavery began to spread beyond their movement. In 1. 78. 3, 3. 00 Quakers, chiefly from the London area, presented the British Parliament with their signatures on the first petition against the slave trade. In 1. 78. 5, Englishman Thomas Clarkson, enrolled at Cambridge, and in the course of writing an essay in Latin Anne liceat invitos in servitutem dare Is it lawful to enslave the unconsenting, read the works of Benezet, and began a lifelong effort to outlaw the slave trade in England. In 1. 78. 7, sympathizers formed the Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, a small non denominational group that could lobby more successfully by incorporating Anglicans, who, unlike the Quakers, could lawfully sit in Parliament. The twelve founding members included nine Quakers, and three pioneering Anglicans Granville Sharp, Thomas Clarkson, and William Wilberforce all evangelical Christians. Later successeseditLater successes in opposing racism were won by the abolitionist movement, both in England and the United States. Though many Abolitionists did not regard blacks or mulattos as equal to whites, they did in general believe in freedom and often even equality of treatment for all people. A few, like John Brown, went further.